Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

Seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity. Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous, but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators. Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers, their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment. We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park, central China, by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds (n = 1806, 9 species) from fecal samples. Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples (ranging from 5–130 seeds), and ingested seeds were from small seeded species (seed width <4.5 mm). The 2 most abundant species were Actinidia arguta (73%) and Rosa caudata (15%). The fruits of A. arguta were unripe when ingested (i.e. effective seed predation) and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials. Therefore, ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal. However, germination rates of defecated R. caudata (9%) were greater than control seeds (6% and 0%), demonstrating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal. Thus, colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.     

林木氮素吸收偏好性及其形成机制研究进展

森林土壤中可被林木吸收利用的氮（N）素主要以铵态氮（NH₄+-N）和硝态氮（NO₃--N）的形态存在。受全球气候变暖、氮沉降和人类活动等因素的影响，NH₄+和NO₃-的分布存在很大的时间波动性和空间异质性，且NH₄+-N和NO₃--N亏缺已成为限制林地生产力的主要因素。在森林土壤N亏缺和N异质分布的逆境中，在林木长期进化过程中形成了对不同形态N素的吸收偏好，且这种吸收偏好会随生长环境条件而发生改变。特别是对于NH₄+和NO₃-这2种主要形态的偏好选择性已被证明是决定林木生产力、竞争、共存和生态演替的重要因素之一。对不同树种在N异质分布环境下的N吸收偏好和形成机制的研究，是揭示林木N素营养遗传特性和提高林地N素利用效率的关键。文中从森林土壤中N的主要形态及其分布特征、林木对不同形态N素的吸收偏好和形成机制、林木N吸收偏好的影响因素3个方面进行总结阐述，并对未来研究方向进行展望，以期为我国人工林培育中不同树种的造林配置和合理N素施肥技术提供理论依据和参考。     

“森林资源诅咒”的存在性、传导机制及破解对策:综述与展望

文中研究森林资源丰裕度与经济增长的关系，从森林资源诅咒的存在性检验、传导机制和破解对策3个方面对国内外相关文献进行了梳理总结。结果表明:森林资源诅咒研究已经取得了一定成果，但是现有文献对森林资源诅咒现象的实证研究结果不稳定，会因研究对象、时间、样本以及模型和指标选取的不同而变化；现有研究对森林资源诅咒的传导机制缺乏实证检验，在指标选择和模型构建中尚存在许多不足之处。未来研究需要考虑指标筛选的科学性、计量模型的稳健性以及中介和调节效应的引入等；此外，森林资源丰裕度与经济增长之间的关系可能不是线性关系，因此在建立计量模型时应对模型形式进行优化选择。     

江苏省小麦籽粒蛋白质达标弱筋小麦的适生性分析与评价

【目的】弱筋小麦是制作饼干糕点类食品的原料,其烘烤特性很大程度上取决于蛋白质的质和量。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量（GPC,%）不仅由品种的遗传特性决定,还受到气候、土壤、栽培措施等影响。明确江苏省弱筋小麦适宜种植区域以及其地理、气候影响因素,可为江苏弱筋小麦的种植区划提供理论依据。【方法】在2年江苏省小麦品质抽样调查数据的基础上,利用随机森林算法筛选重要性指标,结合单组率Meta分析及其亚组分析,探究地理位置及气象因子对江苏省小麦籽粒蛋白质含量（GPC）达到弱筋小麦标准可能性的影响。【结果】2个年度江苏省小麦GPC平均值为13.92 %,其中2018年、2019年小麦GPC变幅分别为11.06%—18.09%、10.20%—16.50%,平均值分别为14.52%、13.33%,GPC<12.5%的样品分别占比10%、29.71%。从地理分布看,江苏的东南沿湖沿海地区小麦GPC达到弱筋小麦标准的可能性最高,达标可能性最高可达92%,其次是江苏东部沿海地区以及江苏西北部沿河一带。种植地距离一级河流和湖泊或者海岸线的最短距离为20—30 km时,达标可能性相对较高,为23.95%。从气象因子方面看,生育前期特别是出苗期和拔节期,降雨量对江苏弱筋小麦的形成影响较为重要;生育后期尤其是开花期以及灌浆期后期,积温对小麦GPC的影响更重要;且出苗和拔节期的日照时数及开花期的降雨量对江苏弱筋小麦的形成亦很重要,其中,江苏小麦GPC达标弱筋小麦标准的可能性与出苗期的降雨量呈正相关,而与出苗和拔节期的日照时数、拔节期的降雨量以及灌浆后期积温则呈负相关。【结论】江苏弱筋小麦适宜的种植范围受到水系分布与气象因素的共同制约,主要集中在东部沿海和东南沿海沿湖地区。在出苗、拔节期降雨量和开花灌浆期积温适宜的情况下,西北沿河一带的小麦GPC也可达标弱筋小麦标准。品质区划应重点考虑地理位置（水系分布等）和气候分布。     

运用植被指数时序特征对落叶松人工林分类

为探究植被指数时序特征是否有利于落叶松人工林提取,以孟家岗林场为研究试验区域,根据落叶松人工林季相和物候特征,利用Landsat8OLI影像数据提取研究区内5种植被的归一化植被指数(I NDV)、差值植被指数(I DV)、比值植被指数(I RV)、增强型植被指数(I EV),构建相应的植被指数时序特征。采用最大似然和随机森林两种方法对单一时相影像和加入植被指数时序特征的影像进行对比试验。结果表明:影像中加入植被指数时序特征后,最大似然算法的分类总体精度为89.53%,Kappa系数为0.87,比单一时序特征的影像分类精度提高了13.35%;随机森林算法的森林类型分类总体精度为93.22%,Kappa系数为0.92,比单一时序特征的影像分类精度提高了19.8%。因此,加入植被指数时序特征后能得到更高的落叶松人工林提取精度。     

Distribution and diversity of leaf-cutting ants in Northeastern Argentina: species most associated with forest plantations

Abstract

Leaf-cutting ants (LCA) are considered one of the main herbivores and one of the most destructive pest insects of the Neotropics. Northeastern Argentina harbors the greatest species richness of these ants and in turn comprises the highest surface with forest plantations. Our aim was to establish which species of leaf-cutting ants are most commonly associated with forest plantations by analyzing their geographic distribution using published and unpublished species occurrence data. Also, estimate their potential areas of distribution along a latitudinal gradient that entirely encompasses northeastern Argentina using Ecological Niche Modeling. Only seven of the 20 species recorded were strongly associated with productive systems along the gradient, but only 2–3 species in each region could be considered high-risk species for forest plantations. High-risk species composition shows a turnover between regions. Our models show the potential distribution areas where LCA could become more abundant and dominant, and possibly causing a detrimental effect on the forest plantations in the studied region. We find that ecological niche models are useful tools to assess the environmental suitability of important LCA.     

Demographic trends in Claremont California’s street tree population

The aim of this study was to quantify street tree population dynamics in the city of Claremont, CA. A repeated measures survey (2000 and 2014) based on a stratified random sampling approach across size classes and for the most abundant 21 species was analyzed to calculate removal, growth, and replacement planting rates. Demographic rates were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. The community-level (all species) median growth rate was 1.41% per year (95% CI: 1.21–1.65%) with Pinus brutia and Pistacia chinensis growing significantly faster than the community-level median. The community-level median removal rate was 1.03% per year (95% CI: 0.66–1.68%), with no significant differences between species and the community-level medium. Once removed, only 7.2% (95% CI: 4.4–12.9%) were replaced annually. Presence of overhead utility lines influenced tree removal rates while age, diameter-at-breast-height, and prior tree condition influenced tree growth. Overall live aboveground biomass in sampled sites was 713.29 Mg in 2000 and increased to 877.36 Mg by 2014. Biomass gain from growth outweighed loss from removals nearly three-fold; replacement contributed 0.5% of the total biomass gain. We conclude that to increase the resilience of the street tree population will require 1) an increase in percent of full stocking or biomass stock and 2) a shift in the species palette to favor species less vulnerable to pests and expected disturbance from climate change and 3) ongoing monitoring to detect departures from baseline demographic rates.     

敖汉旗双井林场乔木林资源现状及经营对策

文章在阐述敖汉旗双井林场乔木林资源现状的基础上,分析其存在问题,并结合林场实际情况提出今后经营发展对策,切实提升林场乔木林资源的质量。     

基于SWOT分析的三明市全域森林康养产业发展对策

利用SWOT分析方法,对三明市发展全域森林康养产业进行优势、劣势、机遇和威胁分析,并针对存在的劣势和威胁提出了初步的对策与建议,以期为推进三明全域森林康养产业发展提供参考。